More linguistical language stuff. Did I mention that it does my head in?

This is a loooong but very revealing article. Persevere. You will learn a lot!

Just remember that Mongolian = Tartarian.

Turk = Tartarian.

And – I’ve posted already about Genghis and Batu Khan.

This one has really fried my poor brain  :o) Oh and P.S. It has been googlated from Russian to English. Normal warnings apply.

Konstantin Penzev

RUSSIAN TSAR BATU

From the author

I am interested in Russia. Everything is interesting to me in Russia: felt boots, dolls, ballistic missiles, bears and Tatars. And the Tatars are interesting to me the most. A well-known proverb says: “Scrape the Russian, and you will find the Tatar.” So I decided to “scratch” the Russian, or rather the Great Russian.

The generally accepted version of the story claims that the Mongols, having conquered Russia headed by Batu, left the ruling Rurik dynasty in power before the conquest. This statement is accepted by the public as an axiom. Now suppose that the Nazis, led by Hitler, conquered Russia and left the Communist Party in power. There is no doubt that this statement will be perceived by all as false.

Firstly, the Nazis did not conquer Russia. Secondly, – even if one imagines that they conquered it, it is obvious to everyone that they would have destroyed this very CPSU (B) cleanly, not only legally but also physically. Someone was shot, someone would be driven into the camps. This is logical. When conquering the ruling stratum of the conquered country is destroyed, its place is replaced by the conquerors.

What then is the reason for the generous behavior of the Mongols who conquered Russia? You can certainly assume that they were humanists. It is possible – that in this case we are faced with elementary extortion: they say, the Mongols did not cut Rurikovich, satisfied with the collection of tribute and a set of Russian recruits.

However, it is known that, having conquered Iran, the Mongols under the root destroyed the Abbasid dynasty, having established their own Hulaguid dynasty instead, and having conquered China, the Mongols cut out the Song dynasty, having founded their Yuan dynasty. Consequently, the reason that the Mongols left Rurikovich alive, and even “in power”, was not at all because the conquerors professed humanism or were elementary extortionists, but because they did not have the opportunity to destroy Rurikovich. Then the question arises – was Russia really conquered by the Mongols?

The text presented to the reader is an attempt to answer this question by a critical reading of the scientific works of famous Russian historians.

[Almost all materials and sources are taken from the Internet. When quoting the source for the first time, a link to the Internet resource is provided, with subsequent quotations only the author and the title of the book are indicated. Reference materials cited without reference to the source are obtained from the electronic encyclopedic dictionary from the resource http://metromir.ru ]

Conquerors and occupiers

“If the Mughals had done the same with us as in China, in India or the Turks in Greece; if, leaving the steppe and wandering, moved to our cities, it could exist to this day in the form of the State. Fortunately, the harsh climate of Russia has removed this very thought from them. The Khans wanted only to be our masters from afar, did not intervene in civil affairs, they demanded only silver and obedience from the Princes ”(N. M. Karamzin,“ History of the Russian State ”, http://www.kulichki.com ).

“First of all, the Tatars became in relation to the Russia enslaved, eliminating or alleviating many of the difficulties that the North-Russian princes created for themselves and their country. The Horde khans did not impose any order of their own on Russia, being content with a tribute, even poorly penetrated into the order that was in effect there. And it was difficult to penetrate into it, because there was no order in the relations between local princes ”(V. Klyuchevsky, Russian History Course, http://www.magister.msk.ru ).

“Trusting the supervision of order in the Russian land to the eldest, grand duke, the Tatars, without the princes themselves calling upon them, had neither reason nor desire to interfere in the affairs of the princes.”

“And how could the Tatar influence on Russian life be significant if, having conquered Russia, the Tatars did not remain to live in the Russian regions, rich in forests that were inconvenient for them, but moved south to open steppes?” (S.F.F. Platonov, “ Full course of lectures on Russian history “, http://www.magister.msk.ru ).

“The historian has no right since half of the XIII century. interrupt the natural thread of events, namely, the gradual transition of tribal princely relations into state ones, insert the Tatar period and highlight the Tatar and Tatar relations to the forefront, as a result of which the main phenomena, the main reasons for these phenomena must be closed ”(S. M. Soloviev,“ History of Russia , Http://hronos.km.ru ).

So why the Moguls did not occupy Russia? Historical science provides us with two explanations: first, from Karamzin, the moguls did not like the harsh climate, the second, from Platonov, the moguls did not like the forest. Of course, climate plays an important role in the lives of people, including the Mongols.

Let’s see how it is with the climate in Mongolia. Referring to the Encyclopedic Dictionary (1982). We learn that in Mongolia “the climate is dry, sharply continental. The average January temperature is – 35 to – 10 ° С, July is from 18 to 26 ° С; precipitation from 60 to 300 mm (in mountains up to 500 mm) per year … Steppe prevails; in the south there are semi-deserts and deserts, in the mountains in places there are forest-steppe and coniferous forests. ”

One can, of course, argue that the climate in Mongolia has changed in the eight hundred years that have passed since the time of Genghis Khan. No, not changed. As it was sharply continental, it remained so. Now consider, for comparison, the climate of the Moscow region: the average January temperature is from -10 to -11 ° C, July from 17 to 18 ° C; precipitation is 450–650 mm. We see that, in comparison with Mongolia, the climate of the Moscow Region is much milder – it is not so cold in winter, not so hot in summer, and even lighter with water. In the Astrakhan region (where the ruins of the Mongolian cities of Saray-Batu and Sarai-Berke are located) the average temperature in January is from –7 to –10 ° С, in July from 24 to 25 ° С; rainfall from 170 to 250 mm per year. So in the Astrakhan region in winter a little warmer than in Moscow, but in summer the temperature is much higher. Higher even than in Mongolia. However, the best climate in the subordinate to the Mongols territories in the Kiev region – here the average January temperature is from -5 to -7 ° С, July from 17-18 ° С; rainfall from 500 to 600 mm per year.

So, in Moscow, Astrakhan and Kiev, it would still be more comfortable to live than in Mongolia, where there is a severe frost in winter and heat in summer. If the Mughals were so sensitive to the other climate, then they would live in Mongolia, in their usual habitat. Why for five thousand miles to break through with the battles on new lands?

Take a look at the school map of the Mongol conquests. Very impressive. Almost all of Eurasia is under control. With all Eurasian climatic zones. Up to Vietnam and India. So the unusual climate of the Moguls clearly did not scare. It seems that they did not care who, where and when to smash. In the tropics, in the steppe, in the taiga. In winter or summer.

But Platonov writes that the forests for the Mongols were an inconvenience. Is it really?

According to the World History Encyclopedia (www. Historic. Ru), the Mughals conquered Korea in the 13th century: “For almost a hundred years, since the 70s of the 13th century. until the 70s of the 14th century, Korea was under the yoke of the Mongols. ” The TSB reports that “the majority (of the Korean Peninsula — KP) is occupied by mountains (altitude up to 1915 m – the town of Jirisan); in the west there are hilly plains. The east coast is steep, weakly dismembered; in the west and south – heavily cut. The climate is monsoon. The average January temperatures range from —21 ° С in the north to 4 ° С in the south, and July, respectively, from 22 to 26 ° C. Precipitation is 900–150 mm per year. Rivers abound; the most significant are: Amnokkan (Yalu Jiang), Tumangang (Tumenjiang), Tedongan, Kymgan, and others. Mixed deciduous and (in the south) evergreen subtropical forests ”.

Moreover, in Korea there are no steppes convenient for the Mongols. Most of Korea is mountainous.

In the late 60s of the XIII century, the Mughals made repeated attempts to invade the Japanese islands. “Mongolian conquerors declared themselves in 1268 and 1271. They sent ambassadors to Japan demanding to submit to the supreme power of the great khan. Both times the Sikkens of Hojo did not give any answer to these messages, they themselves began to intensively prepare for defense …

Their first attack on Japan took place in 1274. The Mongolian conquerors coped relatively easily with the Japanese troops that had become entrenched on the intermediate islands, Tsushima and Iki. The rulers of these islands were killed, and the islands themselves were devastated … Two circumstances helped the defenders of Japan: the death in battle of the Mongolian commander Liu and the typhoon. The death of the commander-in-chief brought confusion to the ranks of the attackers, while the storm severely damaged their fleet. As a result, the Mongols were forced to retreat.

The failure of the first attack showed the Mongol khan Kubilai that in order to conquer Japan, larger forces were needed … In 1281, two fleets were deployed against Japan, with a total of up to a thousand ships with more than 100,000 army …

Both fleets were to unite off the coast of Kyushu. However, the southern fleet was late to the venue, so the Japanese were able to repel a much weaker eastern fleet. When the main armada approached, the terrible force of the typhoon that swept over Japan again sank most of the Mongolian fleet, part of the ships dispersed … Kubilai did not stop the second failure. The intensive preparation for the third cruise began: new ships were built, weapons and food were procured.

However, discord in the own camp of the Mongol feudal lords and unsuccessful actions in Indochina forced Kublai to abandon the new campaign against Japan “(Encyclopedia” World History “).

TSB reports that in Japan “the climate is subtropical monsoon, moderate in the north, tropical in the south. Average January temperatures range from —5 ° С to about. Hokkaido to 16 ° C in arch. Ryukyu, July, respectively, from 22 to 28 ° C. Precipitation in most parts of the country is 1700-2000, in the south up to 4000 mm per year, typhoons are common in autumn. The rivers are short and full. Large lake Biwa. Over 2/3 of the territory under the forests (in Hokkaido, mainly conifers, to the south – subtropical evergreens) and shrubs ”.

One can only guess why the Mogul nomads needed Japan if it was covered by two-thirds of the forests that were uncomfortable for them? Meanwhile, Khubilai showed unprecedented perseverance, trying to conquer it.

The Mughals tried to conquer Vietnam. “Mongolian conquerors invaded Vietnam in 1257, 1284 and 1287–1288, but each time they had to leave, encountering stubborn resistance by the Vietnamese under the leadership of commander Tran Quoc Tuan, who became the national hero of the Vietnamese people” (Encyclopedia “World History” ).

TSB reports that the Vietnamese “climate is tropical monsoon. Precipitations of 1500–3000 mm per year. Average temperatures in the south vary little (from 26 ° C in December to 29 ° C in April), in the north – from 15 ° C in January to 28 ° C in July, and cooler in the mountains. Typhoons and floods are common in autumn. 40% of the territory is covered with tropical forests. ”

So, although in Vietnam there are continuous tropical forests, but even here the Moguls displayed a rare conquest.

In 1277, the Mughals invaded Burma. TSB reports that Burma (Myanmar) is “predominantly a mountainous country; in the central part and in the south – the Iravadi Plain. The climate is tropical monsoon. The average temperatures in March – April (the hottest months) are 30–32 ° С, January is 13 ° С in the north, and 20–25 ° С in the south. Rainfall from 500 mm per year on the plain to 3500 mm in the mountains. The major rivers are the Irrawaddy, Salween. Tropical and monsoon forests.

The Mughals conquered India. “For the first time, the Mongols entered Indian territory in 1221, chasing the ruler of Khorezm, Jelal-ad-Din. Mongolian troops devastated the Multan, Lahore and Peshawar areas and left India, taking with them, according to one of the Indian chronicles, 10,000 prisoners who were all killed on the way due to lack of food. In 1241, Mongolian troops again raided India and captured Lahore. From that time on, the Mongol khans began to undertake one invasion after another ”(Encyclopedia“ World History ”).

According to TSB, in India “the climate is predominantly tropical, in the north it is tropical monsoonal. On the plains, the average January temperatures range from 15 ° C in the north to 27 ° C in the south, May 28–35 ° C. Precipitations from 60 to 100 mm per year in the Tar desert in the west of the country, 300–400 mm in the central regions of Deccan, 3000 –6000 mm in East. Himalayas and on the outer slopes of the Ghats, up to 12 thousand mm in Cherapundzhi on the Shil-long plateau (the wettest place on Earth). The main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Indus. Tropical forests, savanna and shrub semi-desert “.

Mongol landing even landed on the island of Java. “At the beginning of 1292, a Mongolian fleet appeared at the shores of Java, landing troops. However, this invasion took place after Kertanagara was killed by one of the princes of the former Vijaya dynasty. The son-in-law of the murdered king, with the help of the Mongolian-Chinese units, first restored the power of his house, and then headed the popular struggle against foreign invaders. The latter had to leave the country “(Encyclopedia” World History “). What is the nature and climate of Java? “The climate is predominantly equatorial and subequatorial, in the lowlands average monthly temperatures range from 25 to 27 ° C, and cooler in the mountains. Precipitations are 2000–4000 mm per year. Rivers abound. About 2/3 of the territory is covered with tropical rain forests (TSB).

As you can see, the territory of Java captured by the Mongols is also mostly covered with forests. Nevertheless, the Mogul this circumstance did not seem significant. Did Platonov know about this? Probably yes. He served as a university professor and was obliged, at least in general terms, to imagine the history of the Mughal conquests, and the climate and flora of the island of Java were well known during his life (1860–33).

It becomes obvious that the official historiographer of the Russian State Karamzin is wrong in his statements (about the climatic preferences of the Mongols). And Professor S.P. Platonov (in the matter of inconvenience for the Mongols of the forest) is not right either. At the same time, Karamzin is perhaps easier to understand: in all of his “History” both individual heroes and the people as a whole either cry, pray, then cry and pray at the same time … It’s no wonder that the Mughals have, like institutions, climate sensitive. But Platonov is a very serious historian …

Those who came to us to Russia were not shepherds, not peasants, not artisans — warriors came first of all. War is their job. War and power. Strangely it turns out: Batu-han to fight in the woods, and even in the winter, I agree, but don’t sit on the throne of Kiev?

What is it? Maybe modesty prevented?

N. M. Karamzin, in explaining the striking indifference of the Tatars to power in Russia, in my opinion, simply reacted to his duties without proper scientific jealousy. Maybe in his time (1766–1826) it was difficult to obtain information about the climate of Mongolia and to compare it with the climate of the European part of Russia.

But in this case, it would be necessary to refrain from such an explanation of the oddities of the Mughal behavior.

The “harsh climate” of Russia could not prevent the Mongols from settling there. After all, the sharply continental climate of Mongolia offers even more harsh living conditions. It is very cold in winter, very hot in summer, and if there is wind in winter, only very strong people can live in these conditions.

But there is another explanation for the reluctance of the Mughals to occupy Russia – from R. Pipes, an adviser to the US president and one of the main American “specialists in Russia”: “If Russia were as rich and cultural as China or Persia, the Mongols would certainly be would occupy it and sit down to rule in it themselves. But since this was not the case, they had no reason to settle in the forest themselves, and they preferred to stay in the steppes with their fat pastures and rich trade routes. At first they tried to use the Mongolian tax-dealers, but nothing came of it, and in the end they decided that no one was doing anything better than the Russians themselves ”(R. Peipes,“ Russia under the old regime ”, http://lib.ru ) .

This statement strangely echoes the statement of another “specialist in Russia”, Lev Davydovich Trotsky.

“Unfortunately, the society turned out to be too poor and not very cultural. The plans and intentions of the Communist Party were not answered by the real resources of the state ”(L. Trotsky,“ The Revolution Betrayed: What is the USSR and where is it going? ”).

As a Soviet analyst, Pipes, and a fiery revolutionary, Trotsky write about poverty and little culture of Russian society, only the first relates these properties to the XIII century, and the second to the XX. In one case, Russian poverty and low cultural standards prevented the Mogul occupation, and in the other, the full implementation of communist ideals.

About the culture Pipes, of course, is not right. In this matter, he does not just make mistakes, but writes a clear lie.

As for the “Russian poverty”, the Pipes identifies two main components of the Golden Horde wealth: “fat pastures” and “rich trade routes”. At the same time, only “rich trading routes” can be considered as an unconditional source of funds, otherwise the same Polovtsy, as the owners of “fat pastures”, would have to think much less about raids on Russia and more about repelling attacks from “poor and embittered »Russian princes.

It would be a strange and highly unsafe desire for a small nomadic people, having riches (fat pastures), to risk their lives in order to take away their livelihoods from numerous and ferocious peoples. But is it really profitable to nomadic animal husbandry, if Genghis Khan rushed to conquer China and Persia with their settled population?

And if we are talking about trade routes, then all the more should the Russian principalities be located along the Volga, which was the very “rich trade route” along which trade between East and West was carried out. And all the more to seize Novgorod, as the center of these trade routes. We have to admit that nothing similar was done by the Mongols.

The Golden Horde army was stationed in the steppe on the territory of the modern Astrakhan region (at the location of the rate of the Supreme Horde High Command) in the lower Volga. Before the coming of the Mughals, the Polovtsi ruled in these places. Mughals Polovtsy defeated. Some were destroyed, part of the Polovtsy managed to escape to Hungary. So Polovtsians were eliminated as a military force. Good or bad, we will not argue (but it is worth recalling that the notorious folk thug Tugarin had a real prototype — Polovtsian Khan Tugorkan).

Some imagine the Polovtsians Mongoloids. But the Polovtsy (they are Kipchaks, they are Kumans) were not Mongoloids.

According to straw hair color, Russians called “Polovtsy” for light hair color (chaff is chopped straw), but in Western European languages ​​they have the ethnonym Cumans ”(L. N. Gumilev,“ In Search of a Fictional Kingdom ”, http: // kulichki .com ) In addition, “the Polovtsian girls are red” would not look “red” at all, that is, Beautiful for the Russians if they belonged to the Mongoloid race.

Having crushed the Polovtsy in the steppe and the Russians in the forests, the Mughals, obviously, like a truly nomadic tribe, began to build the administrative center Saray-batu. Cyril and Methodius Electronic Encyclopedia of 2005 reports the following.

“Saray-Batu (Old Saray), a medieval (1254–1480) city, the first capital of the Golden Horde. Ruins with a. Selitrennoe Astrakhan region. Residential quarters, palaces, mosques, etc. “.

That’s it. No yurts. If Sarai-Batu consisted of yurts, then by itself, no one would have discovered the ruins, especially the ruins of residential areas.

“Saray-Berke (New Saray), medieval (c. 1260–1395) city, capital (from the 1st half of the 14th century) of the Golden Horde. Ruins with a. Tsarev, Volgograd region Remains of quarters, coins, ceramics “.

It turns out that climate and forests interfered with reigning in Batu Khan in Kiev, and in Saray the climate turned out to be quite suitable.

In addition to the large Saray, the Mughals also built small Sheds.

“Shed (Small Shed), a medieval city (XIV – XVI of it.) Of the Golden Horde, then the Nogai Horde. Ruins with a. Saraichikovskoye Guryev reg. (Guriev (after 1992, Atyrau) – a port on the Ural River). Remains of urban buildings, craft workshops, ceramics, etc. “.

“City life was very developed in the Golden Horde. It seems that one list of craft and trade cities in the Crimea, in the Caucasus, in Bulgar, the Lower Volga region and Khorezm could make a strong impression. The overwhelming number of cities existed, of course, long before the formation of the Golden Horde state. Cities such as Kafa (Feodosiya), Sudak, Kerch in the Crimea, Azak (Azov) on the Azov Sea, Urgench in Khorezm, Bulgar, Bilyar, with the Mongols grew significantly; others, like the Crimea (now Old Crimea), Sarai-Batu and Sarai-Berke in the Volga region, Madjar in the North Caucasus, etc., were built anew “(B. D. Grekov, A. Yu. Yakubovsky,” The Golden Horde the fall “, http://book-case.kroupnov.ru ).

That’s how the Mughals and wandered. Build a city and wander around it.

Richard Pipes argues in the book Russia Under the Old Regime as follows: “The Mongols were not interested in the land, much less the forest; they needed money and recruits. Instead of occupying Russia, as they did with the richer and more cultured China and Iran, they besieged it with a tribute. ”

Well, we take Paypse word. What are money and recruits for? The answer is on the surface. Money and recruits are needed to wage war. True, Frederick II the Great believed that to wage war only money, money and more money are needed, but nevertheless this king welcomed forced mobilization in order to save this very money.

Any statesman of that time would have only laughed at the question: “Are you, dear prince, interested in land and forest?” It was the land and forests that most interested the then (as well as today’s) princes, kings and kings. Forest is fuel, forest is building material and ships, forest is siege weapons, finally. Explain the meaning and purpose of the land practical person and it makes no sense. Nevertheless, I will say in two words: the earth is the wet-nurse. They plow the land and grow bread on it. Do not want to plow and sow graze cattle.

However, we will not discard the approval of Pipes from the very beginning. Take it seriously and attentively. If the Golden Horde bosses are not interested in land and forest, then it is very likely to say that this is not the state apparatus, but the apparatus of the armed forces. After all, the leadership of the armed forces are least interested in lands and forests, he is interested in money and recruits. However, it is possible to lead the case in such a way that recruits themselves will earn money. But before the recruit goes into battle, he must be taught, fed and armed.

So if you accept the statement of Richard Pipes, it follows from it that the Horde is not a state, the Horde is an army. Gumilyov writes that “a horde is a people-army”. Is Russia, is it not the same notorious “people-army”? Every plowman in Russia was at the same time a warrior.

Question: what warrior? The answer is a militant warrior. Ie nonprofessional soldier. And the Horde is a regular army. The money received by the Horde is money for the maintenance of a regular army. Accordingly, the recruitment set is the completion of the Horde army.

To all of the above, there is a very important addition. Karamzin was cunning or simply did not know certain circumstances when he wrote that “the Khans wanted only to be our masters from afar, did not intervene in civil affairs, they only demanded silver and obedience from the Princes.” The Khans intervened in civil affairs and even introduced direct Horde control in some territories. “In the South-Western Russia (Ukraine) – in the Pereyaslav and Kiev lands and in Podolia – the Mongols completely removed the princely administration, replacing it with their direct administration. In the Galician, Volyn, Smolensk and Chernihiv-Seversky lands, as well as in Eastern Russia, the Mongols established their own management along with the princely administration. ” (G.V. Vernadsky, “Mongols and Russia”, http://kulichki.com ).

There is one more consideration: the ruling elite, in this case the princes, consumed a surplus (according to Marx) product produced by society. For the Mongols, there was a direct benefit in cutting the entire ruling elite and taking its place in its place, appropriating this very surplus product. But not cut and did not get up. Moreover, without destroying the national ruling stratum, relations were built not only with Russia.

For example, in Korea.

“For the first time, Koreans clashed with the Mongol conquerors in connection with the invasion of the Khitan peninsula. The Khitan state of Liao, having been attacked by the Jurchens, ceased to exist in 1125. The Khitan were forced to submit to the Jurchens, and their lands became part of the Jin state. When, in connection with the onslaught of the Mongols, the Jurchen state began to weaken and in 1215 lost some of its possessions in Manchuria, the Khitan, who lived in Liaodong, declared their Liao state restored and even called it Da-Liao, “Great Liao”. In 1216, the Khitan troops crossed the Amnokkan River (Yalu) and invaded the northwestern part of the Kingdom of Kore, while other Khitan detachments invaded the northeast part of Primorye, crossing the Tumangan River.

The Kingdom of Kore at this time was actually ruled by Choi Choon Heng – one of the largest feudal lords. Not being able to cope with the Khitan himself, he turned to the Mongols for help. Genghis Khan decided to seize the opportunity and sent his troops to the peninsula. The Mongol troops quickly defeated the Khitan, but “help” cost the Korean people dear; from that moment the intervention of the Mongol feudal lords in the internal affairs of the Korean state began …

For almost a hundred years, since the 70s of the XIII century. until the 70s of the XIV century, Korea was under the yoke of the Mongols. The Korean kings, although they remained on the throne, were in fact completely subordinated to the Mongol governors, who controlled the entire government of the country. Almost all the kings and members of the royal house married Mongolian princesses who came to Korea with a large retinue. The courtyard was filled with representatives of the Mongol nobility, with whom the Korean nobility began to quickly merge ”(World History Encyclopedia).

Please note that Choi Chung Heng, “not being able to cope with the Khitan himself,” turned to the Mongols for help on his own initiative. Naturally, the latter-day curators of the Korean kingdom did not miss the opportunity to benefit from cooperation. There is nothing strange here. A disinterested “fraternal” help would be strange.

The fact is that most of the historical events can be interpreted as you like. Korea is an example. On the one hand, we can talk about the yoke and the conquest of Korea, on the other hand, such a close, almost related relationship of “conquerors” and “conquered” is puzzling. And in this case it is more appropriate to talk about a military-political alliance. Inappropriate only sharp estimates. Let’s say you pay state taxes. This fact can be interpreted as exploitation and robbery of you by the state. There is some truth in this interpretation, however, it is incorrect in principle. The state is necessary to prevent anarchy in public life. The fact that a state is ruled by not always honest people does not mean that any state structure should be destroyed.

Taxes and Recruits

“In 1257, with the help of brought Chinese specialists, they [the Tatars] conducted the first general census of the population of Russia, and, proceeding from it, laid out the obligation to pay tribute. As in China, the main unit of taxation was the yard. In addition to this, all goods exchanged through trade were subject to VAT (tamga). Each city was obliged to take on posto Mongolian officials with armed guards engaged in collecting tribute and tamga, recruiting (mostly children) and generally observing the interests of their owners “(R. Peipes,” Russia under the old regime “).

“In Russia they [the Tatars] left, for observation, their governors -“ Baskaks ”with military detachments. Special Tatar bureaucrats, “clergymen” or “scribes”, wrote out and rewrote the entire population of Russia, except for church people, and imposed a tribute on it, called “exit”. The collection of this tribute and, in general, the Tatar administration in Russia was headed by special officials in the Golden Horde — the “darugi” or the “roads”, who sent “tribute men” to Russia to collect tribute and “ambassadors” for other assignments.

The Russian princes at home had to deal with Baskaks and Ambassadors; when the princes were summoned to the Horde for bowing or affairs, then there they were “taken into their ulus” by the roads that governed their principalities ”. (S.P. Platonov, “Full course of lectures on Russian history”, ed. 10th).

“The Khan Tribute was partly returned to us from the Horde of Commerce” (N. M. Karamzin, “The History of the First Russian State”).

Tribute to the Horde called the “Horde exit.” Today it is called “federal taxes.” The difference between the Horde exit and federal taxes is that if the former could still be paid at least somehow, then there is absolutely no way to pay the latter. This is clearly seen when comparing them.

“During their first attack on Russia in 1237, the Mongols demanded a tenth of all, including people. Thus, the contingent of warriors, which the Mongols demanded from Russia (highlighted by me. – KP), was one-tenth (10%) of the male population, or, roughly speaking, one-twentieth of the total population. ” “Over time, the amount of tithing was ordered, and the tribute was paid in silver, not a natural product” (G. V. Vernadsky, “Mongols and Russia”). “We do not know for sure how much we gave to the Hanam every year; however, it is known that in 1384 about 12 spools of silver were collected from each village for them; and the village then usually consisted of two or three courtyards. Cities were paid sometimes in gold. In addition, farmers contributed to the treasury of the Grand-Ducal on the hryvnia from the plow; blacksmiths, fishermen,

So, the cruel and bloodthirsty Horde authorities set taxes on their maintenance and the maintenance of the military contingent at 10%, it also requires Russian recruits. Of course, the working people had to, apart from this tithing, transfer money to some “funds”, but the 10% tax itself is seen by a modern business person as something amazing with its insignificance. Khan Baty on the site of the President of the Russian Federation is undoubtedly the most preferred person. At least for economic reasons.

Here is a simple example explaining this: “A company was registered with a registered capital of 126 million rubles. They rented idle equipment at one of the factories – financial bankrupts, purchased raw materials and supplies in October of this year in the amount of 48 million rubles. Paid rent and services in the amount of 12 million rubles. We hired workers who were paid into their hands during the year s / pl. in the amount of 41.8 million rubles.

A year later, in September, they sold manufactured products in the amount of 252 million rubles. The 100% profitability is the figure for which, as we know, Marx could not find a single crime that the capitalist could not take. And here is no crime, it’s all about a brilliant business plan. The production cycle is over, it’s time to pay taxes.

1. VAT, the rate of 20%. Paid 30 million rubles.

2. Charges for salary. Income tax 12%, contributions to the pension fund 29%, to the social insurance fund 5.4%, to the health insurance fund 3.6%, to the employment fund 1.5%. Total paid during the year 22.9 million rubles.

3. Tax on profits, the rate of 30%. Paid 25.6 million rubles.

4. Taxes on turnover. Tax to the road fund, rate 2.6%, tax to the social and cultural fund, rate 1.5%. Total 4.1%. They paid 8.2 million rubles.

5. Property tax, the rate of 2% per annum. They paid 0.8 million rubles.

6. Taxes on the maintenance of the police and fire protection. The rate of 2% of the fund s / pl., Paid 1.3 million rubles.

7. Sales tax, the rate of 5%. Paid 12.6 million rubles.

8. Total tax payments: 101.4 million rubles, or 80% of the gross profit received.

9. After all payments, our businessmen out of 252 million rubles will have 150.6 million rubles.

10. Organized by Gerashchenko, “through controlled emission”, inflation in 2000 allegedly at 20% (he doesn’t go shopping, doesn’t pay for utilities, but just steals gasoline?) Will reduce the purchasing power of money in the current account to 125.5 million rubles.

11. Here you go! Businessmen, businessmen a whole year, and suffered actual losses of 0.5 million rubles. Here you have the magic profitability figure of 100%! ”(V. Belov,“ Let’s Understand, ” http://lib.ru ).

In general, in modern times, if you are a merchant, then you pay 80% of the profits, and if you are hammered, you drive 13% of the poor salary and go for Christ’s sake, pay for the heat and light.

As for the return payments by the state to the population in the form of health care, education, law and order and defense services, it’s ridiculous to talk about it. About the defense can not be remembered without tears and prayers. According to TV, in 2005 the state purchased 30 new tanks for defense needs and at the same time emphasizes that this happened for the first time since the collapse of the USSR in 1991. Perhaps, today’s Russian leadership Baty for such “defencism” on the head would not stroke.

Now about the 10% recruitment. The population of the USSR at the time of its collapse, in 1989, was 288 million people. The number of the USSR Armed Forces, according to press reports, at that time was 5.5 million. This figure may be questionable, because who and when in the USSR was telling the truth about such things? However, we take it conditionally true.

Thus, in peacetime in the USSR, a little less than 2% of the total population was called up for military service. According to the report of the US Census Bureau, by July 1, 2003, the US population reached 290.8 million people ( http://sedmoycanal.com ). The number of US forces in 2004 was 1,627 thousand people. (lenta.ru). Consequently, by 2004, in the United States, 0.56% of the population served in the army. The Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) reports that as of October 1, 2005, the resident population of the Russian Federation was 142.9 million people. According to the ITAR-TASS news agency, in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in 2005, 1,134,000 people served, that is, 0.79% of the population.

The situation with military service, for example, under Peter the Great, was as follows:

“In 1705, Peter introduced a regular recruitment quota, in which every twenty rural and city courtyards required one soldier per year — the proportion was approximately three recruits for every thousand inhabitants …”

By the time of Peter’s death, Russia had a powerful army, consisting of 210 thousand regular and 110 thousand auxiliary soldiers (Cossacks, foreigners, etc.), as well as 24 thousand sailors. In relation to the population of Russia at that time (12–13 million), a military machine of this size was almost three times the proportion that was considered in Europe in the 18th century. the norm of what a country is capable of containing, namely, one soldier for every hundred inhabitants. For such a poor country like Russia, the maintenance of such an armed force was a huge burden ”(R. Peipes,“ Russia under the old regime ”).

The 5% * recruits requested by Batuy in 1237, 2.5 times higher than the percentage drafted into the Soviet Army, were obviously not needed to complete the army, but for its initial configuration. Moreover, in 1237 Baty did not control all of Russia, and therefore he could row as much as he could.

15% of the total population, 10% of men.

According to Gumilyov (“Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe”, http://kulichki.com ), the population of Russia in the XIII century was approximately 5–6 million people. Suppose the average value is 5.5 million. According to Soviet mobilization standards, Russia could then contain up to 110,000 people “under arms” as a regular army (the result almost coincides with the estimate of 100,000 people made by S.M. Solovyov in his “History of Russia” “). If, according to Gumilev, the number of Polovtsy at the same time was 300-400 thousand people (an average of 350 thousand), then the Polovtsy could set up, according to Soviet mobilization standards, as a regular army up to 7000 people in peacetime . Of course, in wartime the number of “draftees” is increasing dramatically.

It was enough for the Polovtsy to control the entire Desht-i-Kipchak in the 13th century. According to “Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius”, “Deshti-i-Kipchak (Kipchak Steppe) – the name in Arabic and Persian texts XI – XV is. steppes from r. Irtysh to r. The Danube, from the Crimea to the Bolgar the Great, where the Kipchaks (Polovtsians) wandered. In the thirteenth century captured by the Mongol Tatars. In the XVI – XVIII it. only the eastern part was called (territory of present-day Kazakhstan) ”.

Between the Irtysh and the Danube, the Crimea and the Great (Volga) Bulgaria there is a huge territory. And this vast territory gave food to a very modest in number (less than half a million) people of the Polovtsy. Moreover, it is modest on medieval scales.

If we talk about the mobilization capabilities of Russia and the Polovtsy based on the Batu claims of 5%, then Russia could set up a regular army of 275,000 people, and the Polovtsy only 17,500. The gap in military potential is huge. It should also be noted that the total number of people in the Mongol-Tatar tribes never amounted to more than half a million.

As for the number of Mongols in the Horde troops, “in the uluses of Juchi and Jagatai there were 4,000 Mongol warriors devoted to their khan. And the number of warriors in Bolshoi alone, that is, the Golden Horde, reached 200 thousand horsemen, despite the fact that people from the Far East – manguts and chinas (Zhurchen) – totaled only 2,000 soldiers “(L.N. Gumilev,” Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe “). The figure of 200 thousand horsemen coincides with the mobilization capabilities of Russia, from where the Mongols recruited.

The Horde forces consisted of these Russian recruits. In order to come to such a statement, it is not even necessary to delve into historical sources. Just look at the map. Where is the Golden Horde and where is Mongolia.

Gumilyov writes: “The same problem is connected with the arrival of reinforcements from Mongolia, where one youth was mobilized from each family (refer to N. Golden Horde Veselovsky // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron). The transition to 5 thousand miles with the required days took from 240 to 300 days, and using those who were conquered as comrades is [the best way to commit suicide ”(“ Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe ”).

Even the transition to 300 days is not the best way to commit suicide, but in any case it is not the best way to transfer reinforcements. And how long could reinforcements be expected from the Mongols, whose numbers did not significantly exceed the number of Polovtsians? According to the official version of the story, by this time (the XIII century) the Mongols were fighting in the Chinese and Khorezm directions. Germany in World War I tried to fight on two fronts and lost. She lost in World War II, in spite of the colossal level of the so-called passionarity and with the mobilization of 18 million people.

“But it’s impossible not to take into account that only due to reliance on the entire continental Europe mobilization of almost a quarter of all Germans became possible. During the war, 17 percent of the population was called up to us (besides, not all of them had been at the front) —that is, one out of six people, for otherwise there would not have been qualified men in the rear … ” (V. Kozhinov, “The true meaning and significance of the Second World War of 1939-1945”).

Of course, recruits in the Horde were taken from Russia by force, no doubt by force, because there were never many willing to serve, either under the Horde, or under Louis XIV, or under Frederick the Great. In the USSR and in modern Russia, criminal responsibility was and is supposed to be for evading military conscription.

If you carry out military enrollment] only on a voluntary basis, then get ready to pay a lot of money. Without money, recruitment is perceived by the people strictly in a certain sense. The USSR recruited recruits for service in the 1980s for only two years in the SA and three years in the Navy. And many did not like it. And if the recruit is “shaved” for twenty-five years?

“In Russian folklore there is a whole genre of“ recruit laments ”resembling funeral songs. The farewell, which the family arranged for the recruiting soldier, also resembled a funeral rite ”(R. Peipes,“ Russia under the old regime ”).

Recruits to the Horde were often taken in childhood (as in Turkey – in the Janissaries). First, the child, forcibly cut off from the family, is morally hardened, and this makes him a real thug later on. Secondly, the military craft of that time was fundamentally different from the current military case. In the XIII century, it was much more difficult, and no textbooks were released at that, and the whole teaching had to be mastered in practice. Better since childhood.

Recruits the easiest to take from sedentary peoples. This is the basics of mobilization policy. If someone thinks otherwise, then let him, as a military commissar, try to call up at least one gypsy for military service in the territory of the Russian Federation. And in the Middle Ages fools lived much less than now, because then the fools died faster.

Therefore, from a settled area, it is not easy to mobilize a recruit, and with the nomads you even had to negotiate some remuneration.

Since the Slavs were a clear majority in the territory controlled by the Golden Horde, it is natural to assume that the personnel of the Golden Horde troops were mainly Slavic. Nomadic peoples were to be represented as separate cavalry corps attached to the hordes of personnel for the duration of the hostilities. After the end of the military campaign, the nomads unanimously set out to roam around their steppes, led by their khans, and the regular Horde cavalry of Slavic blood was sent to the quartering sites.

And all of the above refers to the organization and staffing of the regular Horde army. It could not be otherwise. Then the representatives of the civil administration (princes) would gather the militia and crush the Horde like a rotten nut. And in combat with a regular army, the militia has almost no chance of winning. The princes knew about it, so they kept silent and only cheated the Horde during military deliveries.

If we agree with the system of equipping the regular parts of the Golden Horde based on the recruitment set in the Slavic regions, then the quartering of these parts in the Polovtsian steppes, away from Russia, becomes understandable: desertion in this case was very difficult.

In some publications, there is a strange assertion that the Golden Horde army was Kipchak (Polovtsian) by national composition. Say, they cut out the Mughals of the Polovtsian elite, and the majority of the Polovtsy were mobilized into the Horde. Once again, the mobilization capabilities of the Polovtsy were very low. And the Polovtsy themselves are unstable warriors. If this were not the case, then the Russian-Polovtsian militia would not have been defeated in Kalka.

“The reasons for the defeat (on the Kalka. – KP) of the Russian-Polovtsian troops were also clarified. It turns out that the Russians did not have a common command, because the three Mstislavs — Galitsky (the Delinquent), Chernigovsky and Kiev — were in such a quarrel that they could not bring themselves to act together. Then, the instability of the Polovtsy, by the way, has long been known. Finally, the ataman of the Plodykin poultry was accused of betrayal, who persuaded Mstislav of Kiev to surrender to the Mongols so that they would release him for ransom ”(L.N. Gumilev,“ Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe ”).

So we can agree with the fact that “… the Horde was not a foreign entity that captured Russia from the outside, but simply a regular Eastern Russian army, which was an integral part of the ancient Russian state …” Tatar-Mongol yoke “is simply a period of military management in the Russian state, when the supreme ruler was the commander Khan (Tsar), and in the cities there were civilian princes who were obliged to collect a tribute in favor of this Russian army for its maintenance. Thus, the ancient Russian state appears to be a single empire, within which there was an estate of professional military (Horde) and a civilian unit that did not have its regular troops, since such troops were already part of the Horde. The so-called Tatar raids, in our opinion, were just punitive expeditions to those Russian regions, who for some reason refused to pay tribute. Then the regular troops punished the rioters. It is characteristic that before such raids the civilian ruler – the prince left the city ”(G. V. Nosovsky, A. T. Fomenko, New chronology and concept of the ancient history of Russia, England and Rome,http://lib.ru ).

Without going deep into the wilds of the “new chronology,” it is worth noting that the theory of the “regular Russian army-Horde” itself seems quite robust and demonstrative.

Tartar and Mughal

The reader can say: “Yes, suppose the basis of the Horde regular army was made up of Slavic nationalities, but the evil Mongols, short, black-haired, slanted and bony, ruled the army. In general, persons of Mongolian nationality. And how could these racially alien elements connect their fate with the fate of the Russian nation? ”

I will answer a question with a question: what does the eye shape and hair color have to do with it? History is full of examples when Russia was betrayed and sold by subjects of purely Slavic blood. Of these subjects, Adolf Hitler recruited an entire SS division, Galichina. Why are there a division! Kissing the “Russian Liberation Army” by General Vlasov, here are twice Hero of the Soviet Union, fighter pilot Amet-Khan Sultan was a Crimean Tatar. It is necessary to distinguish people by their deeds, not by their physiognomy.

It will not be superfluous to recall that Catherine the Great was German, Stalin was Georgian, as for the “Mongol-Tatars,” here you are … Aksakov, Alyabyev, Apraksin, Arakcheev, Arsenyev, Akhmatov, Babichev, Balashov, Baranov, Basmanov, Baturin, Beketov, Berdyaev, Bibikov, Bilbasov, Zichurin, Boborykin, Bulgakov, Bunin, Burtsev, Buturlin, Bukharin, Vel’yaminov, Gogol, Godunov, Gorchakov, Gorshkov, Derzhavin, Yepanchin, Zrmolaev, Izmaylov, Kantymerov, Derzhavin, Yepanchin, Zrmolaev, Izmaylov, Kantymarov, Izmaylov, Kantymerov, Gdolkov, Derzhavin, Yepanchin, Zrmolaev, Izmaylov, Kantymerov, Gdolkov, Derzhavin, Epanchin Korsakov, Kochubey, Kropotkin, Kurakin, Kurbatov, Milyukov, Michurin, Rachmaninov, Saltykov, Str Ogan, Tagantsev, Galyzin, Taneyev, Tatishchev, Timashev, Timiryazev, Tretyakov, Turgenev, Turchaninov, Tyutchev, Uvarov, Urusov, Ushakov, Khanykov, Chaadaev, Shakhovskoy, Sheremetev, Shishkov, Yusupov – all of this can be used as a game. (L.N. Gumilev, “Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe”).

The point is also that it significantly distorts the picture of what happened in the XIII – XV centuries, our modern understanding of the Tatars. In those epic times, today’s Tatarstan was called Volga Bulgaria and was the state of the Bulgars, Finno-Ugrians and other nationalities. Accordingly, the Kazan Tatars are a mixture of Bulgars, Ugrians (descendants of the Magyars) and Russians. The core of the Crimean Tatars were the Polovtsy, who mingled with the inhabitants of the Mountain Crimea. And then there are the Siberian, Volga-Ural and Astrakhan Tatars. Volga-Ural Tatars consist of Kazan, Kasimov Tatars, Mishars, and sub-confessional community of Kryashens.

In addition, if you look at the modern historical map, you will see that the immediate neighbors of the Mongols were the tribes of the Tatars who lived in Krulen. According to popular, and very controversial, version, the Mongols fought with these Tatars, defeated them, and then used them in their army.

Naturally, the conquered Tatars constituted the main mass of ordinary soldiers (this is only if the Mongols of these “Tatars” were not massacred). It would also be natural to assume that the Mongolian command positions occupied, from among the Mongols, guards and special units were staffed. T, e., Perhaps, the term “Tatars” has an ethnic origin and at the beginning of its existence designated a certain group of tribes neighboring with the Mongols. Then, in the process of conquest and recruitment of ordinary cavalry by recruits of other nationalities, the term “Tatars” ceased to wear a national characteristic and began to designate simply general purpose fighters. Transformation of the ethnic term in the military known. Thus, in France, the term “Zouav” originally meant nationality, but was later used to denote the type of troops.

But back to the Horde leaders.

To speak of Genghis Khan and Chingizids as Mongoloids would not be entirely true.

Firstly, the “anthropological type that we call Mongoloid was characteristic of the Tatars, like the language we call Mongolian. The ancient Mongols were, according to the testimony of chroniclers and frescoes in Manchuria, tall, bearded, blond and blue-eyed people. Their descendants acquired a modern look by mixed marriages with numerous short, black-haired and black-eyed tribes that surrounded them, which neighbors collectively called Tatars ”(L.N.

Secondly, Genghis Khan belonged to the Bordzhigin family. “Many Mongolian clan units, including the Bordzhigins, which means“ blue-eyed ”, were erected to Bodonchar. It was believed that the blueness of the eyes and the reddishness of the hair were the result of the origin of the “yellow dog”. Two authors speak about the difference between the appearance of the Borjigins and other nomads: Chinese Zhao Hong and Turk Abul-Gazi. “Tatars are not very tall. The highest … 156–160 cm. No full and thick. Their faces are wide, their cheekbones are large. Eyes without upper lashes. The beard is rare. Temujin is tall and stately, with a broad forehead and long beard. Personality is warlike and strong. This is different from others. ” The Borjigins have blue-green eyes … or dark blue where the pupil is surrounded by a brown rim (L. L. Gumilev, Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe).

But if someone thought that Genghis Khan was Russian, he is mistaken. “In 67 AD e. the Huns and the Chinese led a fierce warrior for the so-called Western Territory, i.e., the oases of the Tarim Basin. The Chinese and their allies, having won a temporary victory, ruined the princedom of Chesha, which was allied to the Huns (in the Turfan oasis). The Hunnic Shanyu gathered the remnants of the Czech people and resettled them to the eastern outskirts of their state, i.e. in Transbaikalia. The Chestians belonged to the eastern branch of the Indo-Europeans, apparently close to the eastern Iranians “(L. N. Gumilev,” In Search of a Fictional Kingdom “). It was from these Czechs, in the opinion of Gumilev, that the Mongol clans originated.

In general, the question of the existence of the white race in Central Asia can be considered proven. “The Caucasoid anthropological race of the first order can be traced in Central Asia and Siberia from the Upper Paleolithic and genetically goes back to the Cro-Magnon type, being a special branch that developed in parallel with the races of Europe and the Middle East (refer to Debets G. F.” Paleoanthropology of the USSR “. P. 83 ) ”(L.N. Gumilyov,“ In Search of a Fictional Kingdom ”), G. E. Grumm-Grzhimailo singles out the blond-haired Dinlin (di, poured) tribe, which she considers to be the autochthonous (aboriginal) of China. By the 5th century, the Dinlins were driven out of the valley of the Yellow River by the alien Chinese to the north to Manchuria, to Baikal and to the Altai-Sayan mountain region. In the Altai-Sayan mountain region, they mixed with the Turkic-speaking tribes and formed the Uighur people.

“… Relatively Kirghiz has the following measure: at the beginning of the 9th century, tall, white skin, ruddy face, red hair and green (blue) eyes prevailed so much that“ black hair was considered a bad sign, and [people ] with brown eyes honored by the descendants of [Chinese] Li-ling; by the 17th century, when the Russians first encountered them, the Kyrgyz were already a completely different people — dark-haired and dark-skinned.

Such a rapid loss of the Kirghiz and other tribes of the Dinlin race, of its original type, is due, to a certain extent, to the policies that their Turkish and Mongolian conquerors held to them; so, in the times of the Huns, part of the Dinlins was led south to Nan-shan, where, mingling with the Qiang and da-hu, formed a tribe Zi-lu, then Khan Mochio evicted a part of the Kirgiz from the valley of the Yenisei River, and transferred their land to the Turks Khubilai did the same with them later. We don’t know any other cases of Kyrgyz evictions, but these two, in connection with the Turks and Uighurs’ practice of replacing their tribal administration with the Turkic, frequent wars and indignations, accompanied by beatings of men and capturing women, are enough to explain the huge decline of the Kyrgyz people, witnessed for the XIII century “Yuan-shi”. Abul-ghazi wrote: “There are very few real Kyrgyz now; but this name is now appropriated by the Mongols and others who moved to their former lands. ” It was with this conglomeration of different nationalities under the common name of the Kirghiz that the Russians were to encounter while occupying the Yenisei Valley …

Blond peoples of Central Asia are characterized by the following features: medium, but often tall (Kyrgyz people of the 9th century, black lolo), dense and strong build, elongated face (usuni); skin color is white (bright white in Kirgiz) with a blush on the cheeks (Kirghiz, black lolo, Amdots); blond hair straight, but sometimes curly (Yenisei Ostyaks); nose, forward, straight, often aquiline (Yenisei Ostyaks, Hey-lolo, many aboriginal generations of Amdo and valleys of the upper Yang-chi-jiang); light eyes (Dinlins, Usuns, Kirghiz, Dinlins among the Khitan, Manchus in the 18th century, Yenisei Ostyaks, some Manh tribes). These are the same signs that characterize the blond race of Europe ”(G. E. Grumm-Grzhimailo,“ Blond race in Central Asia ”, http://rusograd.hotmail.ru ).

At the same time, one can doubt the words of Gumilyov that “their descendants (Moguls. – K. P.) have found a modern look by mixed marriages with numerous short, black-haired and black-eyed tribes surrounding them, which the neighbors collectively called Tatars.”

There are indications that the Mongols did not mix with “black-haired and black-eyed” tribes, but with the Polovtsy (Kipchaks), who were not Mongoloids. “… Description of the Ulus Juchiyev El-Omari:“ In ancient times this state was the country of the Kypchaks, but when the Tatars took possession of them, the Kypchaks became their subjects. Then they mingled and intermarried with Kipchaks, and the earth prevailed over their natural and racial qualities, and they all became exactly Kipchaks, as if of a kind with them ”(L.N. Gumilev,“ Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe ”).

Ethnic mixing is most hampered, firstly, by cultural and behavioral differences, secondly, by sharp racial differences. The cultural-behavioral differences between the Mongols and the Kipchaks (Polovtsy) seemed to be insignificant, since both were nomads, if “they became exactly Kipchaks”, then they (the Mongols) began to look European, if not before were already such.

“Persian author Rashid ad-Din (died in 1318) says that the Mongols made the Kypchaks known:“ We and you are one people from one tribe, but the Alans are alien to us; we will conclude an agreement with you that we will not attack each other and give you as much gold and dresses as your soul desires, [only] provide them [Alans] to us ”(L. V. Cherepnin,“ Tatar Mongols in Asia and Europe “).

If the Moguls really were “black-haired and black-eyed tribes,” how would they explain to the fair-haired Europoids of the Polovtsi that they are “one people and from one tribe”? By the way, “Alans are Iranian-speaking tribes of Sarmatian origin. From the 1st c. lived in the Azov and Ciscaucasia. Part of the Alans participated in the Great Migration. The Caucasian Alans (in Russian Yasy) are the ancestors of the Ossetians. ” So, Alans are not Mongoloids either. Another very interesting fact that leads Gumilyov: “Chingis married his sons on Christians: Ogedei – on Turakina’s merkitka, Toluya – on Kerait’s princess Sorkaktani-beg. Nestorian churches were erected in the khan’s headquarters, and Chinggis’s grandchildren were brought up in respect for the Christian faith. ” And further – “the Nestorians gained access to government posts and, therefore,

“Nestorianism, a trend in Christianity, was founded in Byzantium by Nestorius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, 428–431, who asserted that Jesus Christ, being born as a man, only later adopted the divine nature. Convicted as heresy at the Council of Ephesus 431. Enjoyed significant influence until the XIII century. in Iran and from Wed. Asia to China. Nestorians are now available in Iran, Iraq, Syria ”(electronic“ Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius ”).

Note that the grandchildren of Chingis were brought up in respect for the Christian faith. Baty, by the way, was one of the grandchildren. Did Genghis Khan himself believe in Christ? Some sources claim that Chinggis Khan was a shamanist. The point is not what religious concept the leader of the Mongolian empire adhered to, but that he perfectly understood the significance of religion, Christianity in particular, in the life of society and conveyed this understanding to his heirs.

From recent history, we remember the example of Comrade Stalin, who was not even a shamanist, but was an inveterate atheist and nonetheless stopped the communist persecution of the Orthodox Church in 1943. Forced to stop.

But again, back to the Mongols. “This was noted by Rashid-ad-Din:“ Many clans supplied greatness and dignity in attributing themselves to the Tatars and became known by their name, just as Naimans, Jalairas, Onguts, Keraits and other tribes, who each had their definite name, called themselves Mongols from the desire to transfer the glory of the latter to themselves; the descendants of these clans imagined themselves to have been bearing this name since ancient times, which in reality was not ”(L.N. Gumilev,“ Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe ”).

Serving in the Mughal army was honorable and beneficial even in ordinary positions. Therefore, the Bulgars and the Polovtsy, who served in the ranks of the Horde army, could assume the mighty name of “Tatars”. Some turned Kazan, other Crimean. But the Naimans, Keraites, Jalairas, Onguts and some others claimed the highest places in the hierarchy of the Mongolian empire and accordingly called themselves “Mongols”.

“The Mongolian historian Sanan-Sachen attributes to him (Genghis Khan. – KP) the following words spoken on the same kurulta in 1206:“ This people is a bide (Mongols. – E. Khara-Dawan), which, despite all the suffering and the dangers to which I was subjected, with courage, perseverance and commitment, joined me, who, with indifference enduring joy and grief, multiplied my strength – I want this people, like a noble rock band, a bide people, who in any danger would render to me the deepest loyalty, up to the achievement of the goal of my aspirations, wore and “Keke-Mongol” name was the very first of all living on the earth! ”“ Since then, ”adds Sanan-Sechen,“ this people (whose number at Genghis Khan reached 400,000 souls (The same figure is found in Gumilyov — K . P.)) – got the name Keke Mongol “(Erenzhen Khara-Davan,http://www.kulichki.com ).

In general, it can be reasonably argued that the term “Mongol” (“Mogul”) is a political term meaning supporters of Genghis Khan. That is, the term “Mongols”, perhaps, has an ethnic origin and at the beginning of its existence meant a certain group of tribes. Then, in the process of conquests and territorial annexations, the leadership of the allied tribes to the Mongols began to join the ranks of the imperial leadership, and the term “Mongols” began to denote the political party of the supporters of Genghis Khan and subsequently the Chingizids. Just as the political parties “Veneta” and “Prasen” existed in Byzantium, in Italy “Guelphs” and “Ghibellines”, in England “Tories” and “Whigs”.

Another fact from the genealogy of Genghis Khan, which will be useful later, is the textbook “History of Russia” ed. A.N. Sakharov reports the following: “At the end of the 50s – the beginning of the 60s. XII century. one of the Mongol leaders, Yesguei from the Taychiuts tribe (Taijiuts – KP), managed to unite most of the Mongol tribes under his rule. The eldest son Temuchen, the future Genghis Khan, was born in his family. ”

As for the Tatars, in Europe they were called “tartars”. This name very eloquently indicates their completely infernal, according to Europeans, origin. “In order not to have the eternal joy of mortals, so that they would not be long in worldly joy without wailing, in that year the damned satanic people, namely countless hordes of tartare, suddenly appeared from their terrain, surrounded by mountains; and making his way through the solidity of the immovable stones, coming out like demons freed from Tartarus (why they are called Tartars, like “[people] from Tartarus”) … ”(Matthew of Paris,“ The Great Chronicle ”, http: //www.vostlit. info ).

On April 16, 1245, one of the founders of the Franciscan Order, Giovanni de Plano Carpini, sent by Pope Innocent IV, left Lyon, went to Mongolia and returned in the autumn of 1247. A report on the observations made was created during Carpini’s stay abroad. Already in November 1247 the first edition of the book was ready. Appointed archbishop in Antivari Karpini died there between 1248 and 1252. (the exact date is not set), having managed to complete the second, more complete edition of his work. The very name of the book says a lot – “The History of the Mongols, we call them Tatars.”

There is no doubt that in 1245 Mongols in Europe were called “Tatars” (“Tartars”). They themselves called themselves “Mongols” (“moyals”, according to Rubruk). Here is what V.N. Tatishchev writes in the History of Russia: “Russian historians, although they (Mongols. – K.P. P.) are called Tatars, but they themselves did not use it, but Mongu and Mongal were called, as in the letters of the khans and Princes Indicated. Until now, as said above, except for the European, the Tatars themselves are not called. What are the Crimean, Astrakhan, and so on. Tatars are called, then they, hearing from Europeans this and not knowing the meaning of the name, are not accepting the blasphemy ”.

Thus, there is every reason to believe that the Mughal commanders of Chingizida (as well as all their tribes) belonged to a Caucasoid race, were brought up in respect for Christianity and, at least partially, were Christians. The term “Mongols” is a political term for supporters of Genghis Khan and Chingizids. The term “Tatars” subsequently began to denote simply ordinary soldiers of the Mongolian army. It is also possible that it was originally used by the Europeans in relation to the troops of Batu in 1241–1242 and had an offensive meaning “descendants of the underworld”.

If we assume that the term “Tatars” originally had ethnic origin, then it is rather difficult to explain why already in 1245 (according to Plano Carpini, Matthew of Paris writes the same thing), the Horde people in the West used to call it this way. “Mongols”, which, in fact, is evidenced by the above-mentioned title of the book Carpini. It turns out an incredible coincidence: the European term “tartare” (Tatars) allegedly turned out to be identical with the name of the tribe living along the Krulen neighboring Mongols. In general, the version of V.N. Tatischev looks more preferable.

She finds interesting confirmation in the work of the historian V. A. Kuchkin (and not of his one, unconditionally): “In the stubborn struggle of the Mongol tribe headed by Temujin, it was possible, nevertheless, to conquer the Tatars tribe. The vast majority of the latter were slaughtered (Temujin executed all those who were taller than the axis of the cartwheel), the rest joined the state created by Temujin, and some representatives of the Mongolian Tatar tribe later held high positions at the Temujin court (“Russia under the yoke: how it was” ).

You yourself think – at what distance from the earth was the axis of the trolley wheel? Who, after such a massacre, could “merge” into the state created by Temujin? Only the babies remained who could not remember the massacres and subsequently take revenge. That is what the calculation was based on. Naturally, the surviving children were distributed among families, they were not brought up as Tatars, they did not learn to speak like Tatars, and who would later tell them that they were Tatars? Say, “I’m sorry, son, you’re already big and should know that we slaughtered your parents.” Nice thing. It is safe to believe that after such a genocide with every ethnonym “Tatars” in the steppes was over.

This is how modern researcher M. Zakiyev believes: “The ethnonym of Tatars does not come directly from these Central Asian Tatars. It first spread in Western and Eastern Europe as a political and geographical term for all Eastern peoples, only later it was used to designate all Muslim Turks, and only in the XIX century. the ethnonym Tatar was adopted as the self-name of the Bulgaro-Turkic Muslims of the Volga-Kama region ”(M. Zakiev,“ Tatars: Problems of history and language ”, Kazan, 1995).

Turks are a language

“The ancient character of the Slavs was something Asian; It still shows: for they, probably, after other Europeans, retired from the East, the indigenous fatherland of the peoples. It was not Tatars who learned our ancestors to hamper women’s freedom and humanity in a servile state, to trade people, to take legal bribes in the courts (which some people call Asian custom): we all saw that from the Slavs and Russians much earlier. In our language there are enough Eastern words: but we find them in other Slavic dialects; and some special ones could have been borrowed by us from Kozarov, Pechenegs, Yasov, Polovtsev, even from Sarmatians and Scythians: they in vain consider them to be Tatar, 40 or 50 in the Russian dictionary. New concepts, new things require new words: what could the civilian people learn from wandering? ”(N. M. Karamzin,“ The History of the Russian State ”.)

In 1227 and in 1246, that is, before and after the “conquest” of Russia, Baty had only 2000 fighters, manguts and Jurchens at his disposal. (L.N. Gumilev, “Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe”). Suppose even that they did not die during this period. Gumilyov also reports about the militia, taking N. Veselovsky’s figure at 25,000. What is the militia? Behind the militia is the people. Taking the mobilization figure of 5% (i.e., every tenth man is male), 500,000 people of the total population should stand behind a militia of 25,000. And this is the number of the entire Mongolian people.

Baty headquarters was on the lower Volga. It is possible that Batu took with him to wander in the Caspian steppe part of the Mongols. But not the whole Mongolian people. And where are they now? Migrated back? Maybe. Kalmyks, for example, according to the same “Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius” (BECM), came to the territory of modern Kalmykia at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th century. It should be noted that the Kalmyks, strictly speaking, are not those who fell, but those who remained. Those who came were called Oirats. Kalmyks, otherwise “helmg”, i.e. “remnant” (Turk.), Is an ethnonym for Oirats who did not convert to Islam. The Kalmyk language belongs to the Altai group of the Mongolian language family. The alphabet was originally created on an old Mongolian graphic basis.

For some time Russia had a relatively autonomous Kalmyk Khanate, but in 1771 it was eliminated, and “… dissatisfied with the policy of the Russian government, interference with the affairs of the Khanate, a group of influential noyons led by the governor Ubashi led their subordinates (two thirds living in Russia) back to Dzungaria (Central Asia). Less than half of the departed Kalmyks Survived. Today, almost 150 thousand of their descendants live in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China (BECM).

I ask you to note that mass migration is fraught with very serious human losses, because in real life such events are always much more tragic than in historical novels, where the authors without any problems chase hundred thousand army corps five thousand miles away.

So, the Kalmyks belong to the Mongoloid race and speak the Mongolian language. What is this language? “Mongolian language belongs to the Mongolian language group. The official language of Mongolia. Ancient writing on the basis of the Mongolian alphabet, in modern Mongolia – on the basis of the Russian alphabet ”; “Mongolian languages, the languages ​​of the Mongolian peoples, formed in the XIV – XVI of it. from the dialects of the early Mongolian language, common to all tribes. Include Mongolian, Buryat, Kalmyk languages; unwritten – Dongxiang, Mongorsk, Bao’an languages, etc. ”(BECM). There are still dead Mongolian languages ​​- Khitan and Syanbi.

Consider this linguistic complex in more detail, using the article by B. X. Todaevoy “Mongolian Languages” ( http://www.krugosvet.ru )

Mongolian. This lingonone is used in several ways.

A. In the narrowest sense, it applies to the Mongol language of the Mongolian People’s Republic, also called the main Khalkha-Mongolian dialect or simply Khalkha. Khalkha-Mongolian has the literary standard and the status of the state language of the MPR; the number of carriers is approx. 2.3 million (1995). Khalkhaski dialect is included into the central group of dialects of the Mongolian language; along with it, the eastern and western groups are also distinguished. Differences between dialects are mostly phonetic.

B. In a broader sense, the term “Mongolian” also includes the three main dialects (eastern, central and southern, further divided into dialects) the language of the Mongols of Inner Mongolia — the autonomous region of the same name and the neighboring provinces of Hayongjiang, Liaoning and Jilin. The PRC, also called Inner Mongolian (viewed from China) or peripheral Mongolian (viewed from Mongolia and Russia). The number of speakers of this language (according to the census of 1982) was 2.713 million people.

Buryat language (in the USSR before 1958 officially called the Buryat-Mongolian). It is distributed on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia as part of the Russian Federation, in the Aginsky national district of the Chita region and in the Ust-Ordynsky national district of the Irkutsk region, in a number of villages of the Irkutsk and Chita regions, in two aimaks in the north of the MPR and in the Hulunbuir aimag of the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in the PRC (The last group is called Bargu Buryat). The number of ethnic Buryats in the USSR at the 1989 census was 421,380 people (in the RSFSR – 417,425), of which approx. 363,620 called the native Buryat language (the rest are mostly Russian-speaking); lives in Mongolia approx. 65 thousand Buryats (1995) and about the same in China (according to 1982 data).

Bao’an language , which, according to 1990, speaks approx. 12 thousand people (Muslims, unlike most Mongolian peoples) in the PRC – in the Baoan-Dunxiang Autonomous Region of the Autonomous Prefecture of Linx, Gansu Province (Dakhe Jia, approx. 6 thousand) and in the Tongren District in Qinghai Province (Tongjen, about 4 thousand people; Tungir dialect is also used by the Mongors living in Gansu to communicate with Baoan people.

Dagur (also Dahurian, or Dahur) language, whose speakers have long lived in two geographically distant regions of China: in the Heilongjiang province (Tsitsikar and the surrounding counties are the very center of historical Manchuria) and the Hulunbuir aimak of the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in the north – in the east of the country and in the Chuguchak district of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the extreme north-west, near the border with Kazakhstan. The number of ethnic dagurs according to the 1990 census is approx. 121 thousand people, of which approx. 85 thousand speak Dagur language (usually also Chinese).

Dunxiang language (sometimes also san (s) ta – by the name of an ethnic group), common in the south-west of Gansu province in the People’s Republic of China, in Baoan-Dunxiang autonomous district of the autonomous prefecture Linxia (adjacent to the Baoan language, with which we partially understand each other; Baoani, Santa – Sunni Muslims). The number of speakers (according to the 1990 census) is approx. 374 thousand

Mongor language (also known as the ethnic group – or Shirongol-Mongolian), common in the east of the Qinghai province (in the Huzu, Minhe, Datong and Tungzhen counties) and in the Gansu province in the PRC. The number of carriers (according to the 1982 census) is 90 thousand.

Mughal language , which was considered endangered as early as the 1950s; currently, it is reportedly said ok. 200 people (representatives of the older generation) from several thousand scattered Mongolian groups in Afghanistan – primarily in the villages of Kundur and Karez-i-Mullah near Herat.

The Shira-Yugur language , spoken by a part of the Yugu people (they are also yellow Uigurs; the name “yugu” is adopted in the People’s Republic of China since 1954), living in the north-west of Gansu Province in the People’s Republic of China. The total number of yugu – St. 12 thousand people, of whom speak Shira-Yugur language (according to 1991 data) approx. 3 thousand people (“eastern yugu”).

Kalmyk languageAlso called Oirat-Kalmyk, and sometimes Mongolian-Kalmyk or Western Mongolian. The most western of the Mongolian languages, is distributed in Europe, in the Kalmyk Republic – Halmg Tangch as part of the Russian Federation, as well as in the Rostov, Volgograd and especially Astrakhan regions. A detached group of Kalmyks, who retain their language, also lives in Kyrgyzstan in the area of ​​Issyk-Kul Lake. The dialect of the Kalmyk language used by them is sometimes called Sart-Kalmak (still the name of this group of Kalmyks, which, according to 1990 data, has about 6 thousand people; now they are called Issyk-Kul Kalmyks). The other two main dialects of the Kalmyk language are Derbet and Torgut. There is a small Kalmyk diaspora: a few Kalmyk groups live in Taiwan, as well as in the USA and Germany.

It would seem – here they are, the Mongols! And their language is Mongolian. All anything, but the Oirats (Kalmyks) came to Russia at the end of the XVI – beginning of the XVII century. That is, they moved gradually, and not “all of a sudden.” A “Mongol invasion” happened in the first half of the XIII century.

Consider the other candidates for “foe” from among the “Tatars”. “The Bulgars of the Volga-Kama (Volga-Kama Bulgarians), Turkic tribes, who wandered in the Azov region in the VII century, then moved to the Middle Volga region. In the 10th – 14th centuries, the main population of Volga-Kamskaya Bulgaria. Their descendants are the Chuvash, Kazan Tatars ”(BECM).

Bulgaria “Tatar-Mongols” ravaged.

And what about the other “Tatars”, the Crimean? Crimean Tatars have Polovtsian in their ethnic base.

Who are the Polovtsy? “Polovtsy (Kipchaks), Turkic-speaking people, in the XI century. – in the southern Russian steppes. Nomadic herding, crafts. They raided Russia in 1055 – early. XIII century. The most dangerous attacks were in con. XI century. Stopped after the defeat of the Russian princes in 1103–1116. Resumed in the 2nd floor. XII century. Destroyed and conquered by the Mongol-Tatars in the XIII century. (part moved to Hungary) ”(BECM).

And these same Polovtsian Kipchaks, too, were defeated by the Mongol-Tatars.

It should be noted that the Kipchaks and Bulgars spoke “Turks”. And what is the “Turks”? “Turks, the general name of the regional literary Turkic languages ​​of the 17th – 19th centuries: Central Asian, Eastern Oguz, Volga and North Caucasian. Influenced the formation of modern Turkic literary languages. The Central Asian Turks in Uzbekistan are called the Old Uzbek language, the East-Oguz language in Turkmenistan is Old Turkmen, and the Volga region in Tataria is called Old Tatar. There is extensive literature. Graphics Arabic.

“Turkic languages, a group of closely related languages. Presumably enters the hypothetical Altai macro-language of languages. It is divided into western (Western Hun) and Eastern (Eastern Hun) branches. The western branch includes: Bulgarian group – Bulgarian (ancient Bulgarian), Khazar, Chuvash languages; Oguz group – Oguz (X – XI.), Turkmen, Gagauz, Azeri, Turkish and other languages; Kypchak group – Karaim, Kumyk, Karachay-Balkar, Tatar, Bashkir, Nogai, Kazakh, Karakalpak and other languages; Karluk group – Uigur (New Uighur), Uzbek and other languages. The Eastern branch includes: the Uigur group – Old Uygur, Tuvinian, Yakut, Khakass, Shor, and other languages; Kyrgyz-Kipchak group – Kyrgyz, Altai languages. There are other classifications of Turkic languages ​​”(BECM).

If we mean the Mongols, or rather the modern Khalkha-Mongols living in Mongolia, then they speak Mongolian. Suppose now that the Mongols conquered Russia and established the appropriate imperial order and structure. Accordingly, many new terms should have come to the Russian language. Mongolian terms. For example, the term “customs”. The question is – where did the word “customs” appear in Russian? The term “customs”, as well as other terms, namely: ataman, guard, quiver, esaul, horsetail, raid, damask steel, whip, bazaar, shop, product, altyn, bezmen, barn, arshin, damask, brick, wick, cart, carpet, mattress, sofa, iron, pencil, sausage, caftan, bathrobe, fur coat, sheepskin coat, sundress, armyak, bashlyk (about 250 words) came from the Turkic, and not from the Mongolian language (M. Fasmer, “Etymological Dictionary of Russian language “).

The word “khan” is also of Turkic origin, but “noyon” is Mongolian. The word “Khan” should be understood primarily as a military commander, since the Khans were elected at a general assembly. “… Hana proclaimed the army. These were not elections in the sense of XX century democracy; parliamentarism and corruption would not have found a place in the military headquarters and its surrounding villages. Usually, Khan became a descendant of Khan, but he received power only when the soldiers raised him on a felt mat and agreed to obey him in times of war with cries. And in peacetime, the custom dominated by which the khan himself obeyed, like any shepherd, if he wanted to keep his head on his shoulders ”(L.N. Gumilyov,“ In Search of a Fictional Kingdom ”).

You can say, “Yes, what a difference! Turkic or Mongolian, one hell, all Busurman languages, in general, conquered by us, orphans ”. But I want to ask: does the presence of the word “computer” in modern Russian speak of the conquest of us by the Anglo-Saxons?

Turks – this concept is exclusively linguistic and has nothing to do with racial and ethnic characteristics. Turks are an international language, like the current Spanish or English. Yes, some tribe stood behind the Turkic language in very deep antiquity, but its fate, to put it mildly, did not work out. And the language remained. ““ Turkic language spread as an international and commonly used only in the XI century. thanks to the Polovtsy, and drove out of the steppe the old Russian, who prevailed in X – XI. The ethnic groups spoke at home in their own languages, which did not reach us, and besides, they knew the ancient Turkic language of the military authorities “(L.N. Gumilyov,” Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe “).

Consider the word of Turkic origin “pencil”. Kara – black, dash – stone. Pencil – writing rod in a wooden or metal frame – known since the XII century. So, maybe this is the Mongols writing brought to us? No, we know that the Russian alphabet was before them. The term “customs” comes from the word “tamga” (Türk.), And tamga is stamped on the skin of cattle or on things.

The fact that the Turkic language had an international character determines its wide distribution in the sphere of trade and the military sphere. They used to say “Khan”, now they say “General”. “General” is also a non-Russian word. With whom we communicate, from that and borrow. Historians want to convince us that we were conquered by the Mongols, since we were ruled by the khans. Obviously, we are now conquered by someone, since we are ruled by the president.

The abundance of international Turkic words in the Russian language of that time speaks primarily of close cultural and trade relations, and not of some kind of “conquest”. Russia has always borrowed a lot and willingly from its neighbors, first in the East, then in the West: technologies, things, ideas. The East was not always defined as “backward,” at one time it seemed very advanced. The word “algebra”, for example, is of Arabic origin. This means that at some time the East occupied a leading position in mathematics.

“At a time when the European West was, as they say, immersed in barbarism and Byzantium was the only keeper of ancient education, a remarkable cultural development took place in the caliphate, although it was also short-lived, but nevertheless it did not pass completely without a trace from the world historical point view. Looking closer at the origins of medieval Arabic culture, which at one time undoubtedly stood above the European — I don’t say Western, but even in many respects Byzantine, we inevitably come to the conclusion that the source of Arabic culture was, after all, Greek … It is enough to recall that in the era of the revival of philosophy in the West (in the form of so-called scholasticism), Aristotle was studied there in Latin translations made from Arabic translations, and with the interpretation of Arab scholars ”(N.I. Kareyev,

Here is how Karamzin talked about this: “What was Europe at the beginning of the XI century? The theater of the local (feudal) tyranny, the weaknesses of the Crown entrants, the impudence of the barons, the slavery of the people, superstition, ignorance The mind of Alfred and Charlemagne flashed in the darkness, but not for long; their memory remained: beneficent institutions and plans disappeared along with them. ” What happened to Europe in the 11th century? “The Crusades told her (Europe. – KP) the information and arts of the East; revived, extended its trade ”(N. M. Karamzin,“ The History of the Russian State ”).

That’s how it is! Europe, it turns out, followed the path of borrowing from the East and thus set a pattern of progressiveness. And the fact that we were friends with the same East was a model of backwardness and barbarism: “The shadow of barbarism, having overshadowed the horizon of Russia, hid Europe from us at a time when beneficent information and skills more and more reproduced in it. .. The nobility were already ashamed of the robberies, and the noble knights were famous for their mercy for the weak, magnanimity, honor; courtesy, humanity, courtesy have become known and loved “(N, M. Karamzin,” History of the Russian State “).

Hardly anyone can be offended by language borrowings or 250 Turkic words in Russian. Georgians during the USSR taught the entire Russian language entirely and nothing. It’s all about the correctness of the wording. There are Turks, and there is Mongolian. This is not the same thing. According to Gumilyov, the Slavs knew Turkic language two centuries before the “invasion”. And on the Internet, the expression “Türkomon-Gol words” is found. Are there any French-Armenian, Russian-Japanese and Indo-Spanish words by any chance? So what words specifically, Turkic or Mongolian?

Looking for Mongolian words in Russian is the same as catching a black cat in a dark room, especially if it is not there. “Mongolian borrowings in Russian are few; Most of the nomadic vocabulary in the Russian language is really Turkic in origin, although it sometimes has Mongolian correspondences. In reality, Mongolian borrowings came mainly from the “near” Kalmyk language at a relatively late time, for example, Doha, Malakhai. The Mongolian borrowed such exotism as the aimak (the name of the administrative unit in the Mongol-speaking countries), Lama and Datsan (Lama monastery; both words, in turn, came to the Mongolian languages ​​from Tibetan), Burkhan (“God, spirit”) – on behalf of Buddha, in Mongolian languages, this word came through Chinese; obo (a cairn on a particularly prominent place, such as a pass,

If someone claims that the “Tatar yoke” has rejected Russia in development and supplied the Russian lexicon with Turkic words, then, first of all, to put it mildly, it is cheating, since Turkic borrowings appeared in Russia much earlier than the “yoke”, secondly, it is rude, because interaction with the East in the Middle Ages was also a development, about the need of which progressive-minded citizens all the time tell us.

What was Europe in the middle ages anyway? Nothing good. It is now, when the West is leading in the field of technology and science, we borrow from them and definitely imitate them, and in the Middle Ages this West itself didn’t represent anything. Ignorant, lousy and poor – that is characteristic of the then Western Europeans. Do not believe? Read the literature. The Renaissance (Renaissance) of Western and Central Europe began in Italy in the XIV – XVI centuries, in other countries of this region at the end of the XV – beginning of the XVI centuries. We had nothing to borrow from the Europeans in the Middle Ages, and even more so there was nothing to borrow in the military sphere. The East was an incomparably richer, more cultured and stronger region than Europe.

But in the textbook “History of Russia” edited by Academician, Director of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Sakharov is shown in italics: “the invasion and yoke threw Russian lands back in their development.” However, it did not start with Sakharov, Karamzin, an honorary member of the Petersburg Academy, in his History of the Russian State, was already trumpeting about this backwardness with might and main. On the one hand, all these academicians and writers insist on the eternal underdevelopment of the East, on the other hand – they write that “the East attracted the Europeans with its innumerable riches.”

And how do we all understand this? The East is rich and undeveloped, the West is developed, but poor. Obviously, by virtue of its extraordinary progressivity, Europe smashed the richest culture of India, fired guns at sphinxes in Egypt, prohibited the Mayan and Aztec scripts, traded opium in China … further everywhere. What is Europe generally considered to be advanced? In weapons and military equipment? But not later than in 1941-1945. The USSR shattered this Europe, despite the European preponderance in people and industrial potential.

Nowadays, Asia is breaking out into technological and industrial leaders, and China has all the possibilities to become a military hegemon by the middle of the 21st century, if not the whole world, then Eurasia for sure – and it is likely that many Chinese words will soon enter into our vocabulary when something Turkic …